Why London Must Model Density Before Building It

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1. Density as Flow: Lessons from the Elizabeth line

London is densifying unevenly. The main issue is often not height itself, but how new development begins to function once people move in. In planning documents, density is expressed through dry metrics: the number of units, square metres and massing. In the urban environment, it behaves as flow, concentrating at pinch points: lobby exits, station approaches, crossings and local services.

The Elizabeth line illustrates the scale of this challenge. Since 2015, around 71,000 new homes have been built within one kilometre of its stations. [1] On paper, this is development around transport infrastructure. On the ground, it means additional pressure on very specific pavements, crossings, station entrances and local amenities.

A tower may remain within the boundaries of its plot on a plan. In daily life, its impact immediately moves beyond the site.

2. Where the Imbalance Appears: The City and...

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