The AI Agent Security Problem Sandboxes Cannot Solve

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AI agent security has a boundary problem.

A sandbox can constrain where code executes. It can limit filesystem access, network access, processes, and resource consumption. Those controls matter, especially when an agent is compiling unknown code or running an untrusted workload.

But the moment an agent is useful enough to act on real systems, the hard question changes. The risk is no longer only whether the agent can escape its environment. It is whether a legitimate tool call should be allowed to create a real-world effect.

A support agent may be authorized to issue refunds. A coding agent may be allowed to push branches. An operations agent may have permission to change cloud configuration. An assistant may be connected to email, documents, calendars, or a CRM.

None of those permissions are inherently wrong. The failure happens when untrusted context convinces the agent to use a valid permission for the wrong...

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