Docker Build Cache Explained: How to Cut Build Times
Build that takes eight minutes when it should take forty seconds is almost always a cache ordering problem. The dependency install runs every time because something above it changed, and the thing above it changes on every commit.
Understanding the cache key makes this predictable rather than mysterious.
How the key is computed
Each instruction produces a layer, and each layer's cache key includes the key of the layer before it. Changing layer three and layers four onward are invalidated regardless of whether their own content changed. The chain is the whole mechanism.
What goes into the key depends on the instruction:
Key includes
RUN
The literal command string, not its effects
COPY / ADD
Contents and metadata of the files copied
ENV, ARG
The value, and it invalidates everything after
FROM
The resolved image digest
The RUN case is the one that surprises people. RUN apt-get update is cached...
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