The republic that rewired itself: India’s decade of Digital Infrastructure

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Ask the average Indian what makes the country’s digital story remarkable, and you’ll likely hear about UPI or Aadhaar. Almost no one will mention this: the average Indian smartphone user now burns through roughly 32 GB of mobile data every month — more than users in the United States, the United Kingdom, or South Korea — while paying one of the lowest per-gigabyte prices on the planet, close to ₹9 per GB. Put another way, a resident of Zimbabwe pays close to $43.75 for the same gigabyte that costs an Indian a few cents. That is not a rounding error. It is roughly a 480x price gap for an identical unit of digital infrastructure.

This single fact — extreme consumption at near-zero marginal cost is a remarkable achievement. It didn’t happen by accident. It was engineered, over a decade, through a specific sequence of state-led infrastructure bets, private capital, and...

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