The NASA Artemis II launch punched two 5,000 km holes in the ionosphere that disrupted GPS signals, study finds

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Ripple effect: Earlier this year, the Artemis II mission carried astronauts around the Moon and back for the first time in more than half a century. According to researchers, the historic mission also took a "heavy" toll on our planet's outermost ionized atmospheric layer.

This April's Artemis II mission caused two large holes in Earth's ionosphere, resulting in significant disturbances that could affect GPS positioning accuracy. A new study by Taiwan-based researchers highlighted how modern launch systems can impact the atmosphere, and how future exploration missions are going to affect one of the most important orbiting systems in everyday life.

The study was publishedin the pre-print online edition of the Geophysical Research Letters journal by a team of scientists working at Taiwan's National Cheng Kung University. The researchers used a network of...

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