Building a Brain-Computer Interface From Scratch
Brain-computer interfaces may sound like the kind of hardware that requires a university lab and a massive budget to build, but Carlos Lorenzo-Zúñiga Marí managed to build one for less than $350. His custom eight-channel EEG headset combines a purpose-built biopotential acquisition board, an ESP32, dry electrodes, motion sensing, and 3D-printed hardware into a system capable of measuring electrical signals from the brain.
That is a difficult thing to do because EEG signals are typically only around 10 to 100 microvolts by the time they reach the scalp. Electrical noise from mains wiring, chargers, lights, and other electronics can easily overwhelm them, as can the much stronger electrical signals produced by muscles.
Carlos designed the acquisition board around an ADS1299, an eight-channel, 24-bit ADC made for measuring biopotential signals such as EEG. The circuit measures differences between electrodes rather than voltages relative to ground, helping reject noise appearing on both...
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